Publications of Ralf Michaels
All genres
Monograph (2)
Monograph
EU Law as Private International Law? Re-conceptualising the Country-of-Origin Principle as Vested Rights Theory. Bremen (2006), 51 pp.
Monograph
Sachzuordnung durch Kaufvertrag. Traditionsprinzip, Konsensprinzip, ius ad rem in Geschichte, Theorie und geltendem Recht. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin (2002), 474 pp.
Collected Edition (8)
Collected Edition
Das Gutachten zum ausländischen Recht im Prozess des 21. Jahrhunderts. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2025), XV + 291 pp.
Collected Edition
Philosophical Foundations of Private International Law. Oxford University Press, New York (2024), 432 pp.
Collected Edition
Derecho comparado. Materiales modernos y posmodernos. Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá (2023), 387 pp.
Collected Edition
The Private Side of Transforming our World. Intersentia, Cambridge (2021), XIV + 574 pp.
Collected Edition
Die Frühehe im Recht – Praxis, Rechtsvergleich, Kollisionsrecht, höherrangiges Recht. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2021), XXVI + 660 pp.
Collected Edition
Gutachten zum internationalen und ausländischen Privatrecht (IPG) 2018-2020. Gieseking, Bielefeld (2021), IX + 788 pp.
Collected Edition
Beyond the State - Rethinking Private Law. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2008), XII + 422 pp.
Collected Edition
Conflict of Laws in a Globalized World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne etc. (2007), XVI + 302 pp.
Festschrift (1)
Festschrift
Liber Amicorum Klaus Schurig. Sellier, München (2012), X + 323 pp.
Series (3)
Series
Blog Posts: Conflictoflaws.net: http://conflictoflaws.net/author/ralfmichaels/.
Series
Blog Posts: Verfassungsblog: https://verfassungsblog.de/author/ralf-michaels/.
Series
Blog Posts: Law and Political Economy: https://lpeblog.org/author/ralfmichaels/.
Issue (6)
Issue
Los derechos de la naturaleza: diálogos entre el derecho y las artes (Naturaleza y Sociedad. Desafíos Medioambientales no. 4/2022) (Special issue). Naturaleza y Sociedad. Desafíos Medioambientales (4) (2022)
Issue
86,1 Schwerpunkt S. 166-253, (1) (2022)
Symposium, Decolonial Comparative Law (Special issue). Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht
Issue
83,2, Schwerpunkt S. 241-397, (2) (2019), 156 pp.
Juristische Methodenlehre, Jahrestreffen der Freunde des Hamburger Max-Planck-Instituts, Hamburg, 30. Juni 2018 (Special issue). Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht
Issue
57:4, 765-876 (2009), 122 pp.
Symposium: Legal Origins Thesis, Doing Business Reports, and Comparative Law (special editor) (Special issue). The American Journal of Comparative Law
Issue
56:3, 527-843 (2008), 317 pp.
Beyond the State? Rethinking Private Law (symposium issue editor) (Special issue). The American Journal of Comparative Law
Issue
71:3 (2008), 349 pp.
Transdisciplinary Conflict of Laws (special editor) (Special issue). Law and Contemporary Problems Journal (1)
Journal
CICLOPs – Duke Law Center for International Studies Occasional Papers. 2009
Contribution to a Commentary (3)
Contribution to a Commentary
Vogenauer, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2015)
Preamble I: Purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model. In: Commentary on the UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts (PICC), 2 Ed., pp. 31 - 109 (Ed.
Contribution to a Commentary
Vogenauer, S.; Kleinheisterkamp, J.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2009)
Preamble I: Purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model. In: Commentary on the UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts (PICC), pp. 21 - 80 (Eds.
Contribution to a Commentary
Zimmermann, R.). Mohr, Tübingen (2007)
Systemfragen des Schuldrechts. In: Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB, Bd. II, pp. 1 - 97 (Eds. Schmoeckel, M.; Rückert, J.; Contribution to a Handbook (2)
Contribution to a Handbook
Law as Technique. In: Oxford Handbook of Law and Anthropology, pp. 860 - 878 (Eds. Foblets, M.-C.; Goodale, M.; Sapignoli, M.; Zenker, O.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2022)
Contribution to a Handbook
International Arbitration as Private and Public Good. In: The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration, pp. 398 - 420 (Eds. Schultz, T.; Ortino, F.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition (80)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.; Schmidt, J. P.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2025)
Was ist fremdes Recht? – Rechtstheoretische Grundlagen des § 293 ZPO. In: Das Gutachten zum ausländischen Recht im Prozess des 21. Jahrhunderts, pp. 33 - 59 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.; Schmidt, J. P.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2025)
Die Hamburger Leitlinien zur Ermittlung und Anwendung ausländischen Rechts in deutschen Verfahren: Entstehung, Ziele, Inhalt. In: Das Gutachten zum ausländischen Recht im Prozess des 21. Jahrhunderts, pp. 235 - 248 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
International law and domestic law – a conflict of laws? In: Research Handbook on International Law and Domestic Legal Systems, pp. 279 - 304 (Eds. Aust, H. P.; Krieger, H.; Lange, F.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2024)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Decolonial comparative law: FAQ. In: A Research Agenda for Comparative Law, pp. 61 - 87 (Ed. Husa, J.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2024)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Towards private international law for everyone. In: Research Methods in Private International Law, pp. 246 - 264 (Eds. Kramer, X.; Carballo Piñeiro, L.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2024)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.). Oxford University Press, New York (2024)
Introduction. In: Philosophical Foundations of Private International Law, pp. 1 - 38 (Eds. Banu, R.; Green, M. S.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.). Oxford University Press, New York (2024)
Private International Law and the Legal Pluriverse. In: Philosophical Foundations of Private International Law (Eds. Banu, R.; Green, M. S.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Sustainability and Private International Law. In: Routledge Handbook of Private Law and Sustainability, pp. 479 - 499 (Eds. Santos Silva, M.; Nicolussi, A.; Wendehorst, C.; Salvador Coderch, P.; Clément, M. et al.). Routledge, London (2024)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.). Ediciones Uniandes, Bogotá (2023)
Introducción: Un mapa de los problemas centrales de la disciplina. In: Derecho comparado. Materiales modernos y posmodernos, pp. 9 - 50 (Eds. Bonilla Maldonado, D.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
2, pp. 335 - 364 (Eds. de Sá Ribeiro, M. R.; Fontoura Costa, J. A.; Fernández Arroyo, D. P.). Arraes Editores, Belo Horizonte (2023)
Rumo a um Direito Internacional Privado para Conflitos Regulatórios? In: Governança Global, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.). Ediciones Uniandes, Bogotá (2023)
El método funcionalista del derecho comparado. In: Derecho comparado. Materiales modernos y posmodernos, pp. 53 - 111 (Eds. Bonilla Maldonado, D.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Israels Sicherheit und Existenz zwischen Staatsräson und Rechtsstaatsprinzip. In: Singularität im Plural – Kolonialismus, Holocaust und der zweite Historikerstreit, pp. 194 - 217 (Ed. Mendel, M.). Beltz, Weinheim (2023)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Characterization. In: A Guide to Global Private International Law, pp. 31 - 45 (Eds. Beaumont, P.; Holliday, J.). Hart, London (2022)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Tertiary rules. In: Entangled legalities beyond the state, pp. 424 - 448 (Ed. Krisch, N.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2022)
Contribution to a Collected edition
4, 2. Ed., pp. Sp. 1206 - 1208. E. Schmidt, Berlin (2022)
Rechtskultur. In: Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte (HRG), 29. Lieferung, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
How Asian Should Asian Law Be? In: Convergence and Divergence of Private Law in Asia: Methods and Drivers, pp. 227 - 251 (Ed. Low, G.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2022)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Yassari, N.; Michaels, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2021)
Die Frühehe in den Niederlanden. In: Die Frühehe im Recht – Praxis, Rechtsvergleich, Kollisionsrecht, höherrangiges Recht, pp. 525 - 550 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Yassari, N.; Michaels, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2021)
Die Frühehe in Italien. In: Die Frühehe im Recht – Praxis, Rechtsvergleich, Kollisionsrecht, höherrangiges Recht, pp. 591 - 614 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Yassari, N.; Michaels, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2021)
Einleitung. In: Die Frühehe im Recht – Praxis, Rechtsvergleich, Kollisionsrecht, höherrangiges Recht, pp. 1 - 16 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Yassari, N.; Michaels, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2021)
Die Frühehe im Rechtsvergleich: Praxis, Sachrecht, Kollisionsrecht. In: Die Frühehe im Recht – Praxis, Rechtsvergleich, Kollisionsrecht, höherrangiges Recht, pp. 17 - 97 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Is Arbitration Autonomous? In: The Cambridge Companion to International Arbitration, pp. 115 - 137 (Ed. Lim, C.L.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2021)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Reasonableness as a Limitation on the Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law: From 403 to 405 (via 404). In: The Restatement and Beyond: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Foreign Relations Law, pp. 283 - 302 (Eds. Stephan, P. B.; Cleveland, S. A.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
20/18, pp. 332 - 349 (Eds. d'Aspremont, J.; Haskell, J.) (2020)
Territory. In: Tipping Points in International Law – Commitment and Critique, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
The UNIDROIT Principles as Reference for the Interpretation of US Law. In: Use of the UNIDROIT Principles to Interpret and Supplement Domestic Contract Law, pp. 361 - 394 (Eds. Garro, A.; Moreno Rodríguez, J. A.). Springer, Cham (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Zimmermann, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2020)
Kommentare zum transnationalen Privatrecht. Grenzen der Entnationalisierung eines nationalen Modells. In: Juristische Kommentare: Ein internationaler Vergleich, pp. 395 - 416 (Eds. Kästle-Lamparter, D.; Jansen, N.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Global Legal Pluralism and Conflict of Laws. In: Oxford Handbook of Global Legal Pluralism, pp. 629 - 648 (Ed. Schiff Berman, P.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
O Direito Marginal. In: Desafios do Direito Internacional privado na sociedade contemporanea (Challenges of Private International Law in Contemporary Society), pp. 1 - 24 (Eds. Carneiro de Farias, I. L. M.; Borges Moschen, V. R.). Lumen Juris, Rio de Janeiro (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Das marginale Recht (Antrittsvorlesung). In: Zur Amtseinführung von Ralf Michaels am 5. November 2019 im Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, pp. 19 - 36 (Ed. Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht). Hamburg (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
After the Backlash. In: The Many Lives of Transnational Law – Critical Engagements with Jessup's Bold Proposal, pp. 441 - 458 (Ed. Zumbansen, P.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
La double privatisation du droit dans la globalisation. In: Le tournant global en droit international privé, pp. 211 - 223 (Eds. Muir Watt, H.; Bíziková, L.; Brandão de Oliveira, A.; Fernández Arroyo, D. P.; Ma, M.). Pedone, Paris (2020)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Private international law as an ethic of responsivity. In: Diversity and integration in private international law, pp. 11 - 27 (Eds. Ruiz Abou-Nigm, V.; Noodt Taquela, M. B.). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2019)
Contribution to a Collected edition
The Dual Privatisation of Law in Globalisation (Note on Kasky v Nike). In: Global private international law: adjudication without frontiers, pp. 162 - 171 (Eds. Muir Watt, H.; Bíziková, L.; Brandão Oliveira, A.; Fernández Arroyo, D.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham (2019)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2019)
The Functional Method of Comparative Law. In: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, 2 Ed., pp. 345 - 389 (Eds. Reimann, M.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Private International Law and the Question of Universal Values. In: Private International Law, Contemporary Challenges and Continuing Relevance, pp. 148 - 177 (Eds. Ferrari, F.; Fernández Arroyo, D. P.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2019)
Contribution to a Collected edition
I, pp. 417 - 425 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Rühl, G.; Ferrari, F.; Miguel Asensio, P. d.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2017)
Comparative Law and Private International Law. In: Encyclopedia of Private International Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1042 - 1051 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Rühl, G.; Ferrari, F.; Miguel Asensio, P. d.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2017)
Jurisdiction, Foundations. In: Encyclopedia of Private International Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1659 - 1667 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Rühl, G.; Ferrari, F.; Miguel Asensio, P. d.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2017)
Story, Joseph. In: Encyclopedia of Private International Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1824 - 1832 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Rühl, G.; Ferrari, F.; Miguel Asensio, P. d.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2017)
Waechter, Carl Georg von. In: Encyclopedia of Private International Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Law and Recognition – Towards a Relational Concept of Law. In: In Pursuit of Pluralist Jurisprudence, pp. 90 - 115 (Eds. Roughan, N.; Halpin, A.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2017)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Zugangsschranken – Zur Nichtrezeption der Systemtheorie in den USA. In: Privatrechtstheorie heute, pp. 238 - 267 (Eds. Grünberger, M.; Jansen, N.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2017)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Zimmermann, R.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2016)
Religiöse Rechte und postsäkulare Rechtsvergleichung. In: Zukunftsperspektiven der Rechtsvergleichung, pp. 39 - 102 (Ed.
Contribution to a Collected edition
What is Non-State Law? A Primer. In: Negotiating State and Non-State Law: the Challenge of Global and Local Legal Pluralism, pp. 41 - 58 (Ed. Helfand, M. A.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Post-Critical Private International Law: From Politics to Technique. In: Private international law and global governance, pp. 54 - 67 (Eds. Muir Watt, H.; Fernández Arroyo, D.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2014)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Roles and Role Perceptions in International Commercial Arbitration. In: International arbitration and global governance – contending theories and evidence, pp. 47 - 73 (Eds. Mattli, W.; Dietz, T.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2014)
Contribution to a Collected edition
On Liberalism and Legal Pluralism. In: Transnational Law – Rethinking European Law and Legal Thinking, pp. 122 - 142 (Eds. Maduro, M. P.; Tuori, K.; Sankari, S.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2014)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Was ist nichtstaatliches Recht? Eine Einführung [What is Non-State Law? An Introduction]. In: Transnationales Recht – Stand und Perspektiven, pp. 39 - 56 (Ed. Calliess, G.-P.). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2014)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Globalisation and Law: Law Beyond the State. In: Law and Social Theory, 2 Ed., pp. 287 - 303 (Eds. Banakar, R.; Travers, M.). Hart, Oxford (2013)
Contribution to a Collected edition
„One Size Can Fit All“ – Some Heretical Thoughts On Mass Production of Legal Transplants. In: Order from Transfer – Comparative Constitutional Design and Legal Culture, pp. 56 - 78 (Ed. Frankenberg, G.). Elgar, Cheltenham (2013)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Make or Buy – A Public Market for Legal Transplants? In: Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution, pp. 27 - 41 (Ed. Eidenmüller, H.). C.H. Beck, München (2013)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Why We Have No Theory Of European Private Law Pluralism. In: Pluralism and European Private Law, pp. 139 - 159 (Ed. Niglia, L.). Hart, Oxford (2013)
Contribution to a Collected edition
European Class Actions and Applicable Law. In: Cross-Border Class Actions – The European Way, pp. 111 - 141 (Eds. Nuyts, A.; Hatzimihail, N. E.). Sellier, München (2013)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R. et al.). C.F. Müller, Heidelberg (2012)
Rollen und Rollenverständnis im transnationalen Privatrecht (Roles and Role Perceptions in Transnational Private Law). In: Paradigmen im internationalen Recht – Implikationen der Weltfinanzkrise für das internationale Recht, pp. 175 - 227 (Eds. Fassbender, B.; Wendehorst, C.; de Wet, E.; Peters, A.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
8: [PA - SA], p. 672 (Eds. Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Max Planck Society; Wolfrum, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
I, pp. 15 - 18 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Hopt, K. J.; Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Acquisition of Ownership from a Non-Owner. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
I, pp. 298 - 302 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Hopt, K. J.; Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Comparative Law. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1060 - 1064 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Hopt, K. J.; Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Legal Culture. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1373 - 1376 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Hopt, K. J.; Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Property. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
II, pp. 1466 - 1470 (Eds. Basedow, J.; Hopt, K. J.; Zimmermann, R.). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012)
Restatements. In: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Basedow, J.; Francq, S.; Idot, L.). Hart, Oxford (2012)
Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in International Antitrust Law – A US Perspective. In: International Antitrust Litigation: Conflict of Laws and Coordination, pp. 225 - 244 (Eds.
Contribution to a Collected edition
The Functionalism of Legal Origins. In: Does Law Matter? On Law and Economic Growth, pp. 21 - 39 (Eds. Faure, M.; Smits, J.). Intersentia, Cambridge (2011)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Empagran's Empire: International Law and Statutory Interpretation in the U.S. Supreme Court of the Twenty-First Century. In: The U.S. Supreme Court and International Law: Continuity or Change?, pp. 533 - 546 (Eds. Sloss, D. L.; Ramsey, M. D.; Dodge, W. S.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Global Problems in Domestic Courts. In: The Law of the Future and the Future of the Law, pp. 167 - 177 (Eds. Muller, S.; Zouridis, S.; Frishman, M.; Kistemaker, L.). Torkel Opsahl, Oslo (2011)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Of Islands and the Ocean: The Two Rationalities of European Private Law. In: Foundations of European Private Law, pp. 139 - 158 (Eds. Brownsword, R.; Niglia, L.; Micklitz, H.-W.). Hart (2011)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Conflict of Norms or Conflict of Laws?: Different Techniques in the Fragmentation of Public International Law. In: Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms in International Law (Eds. Broude, T.; Shany, Y.). Hart (2011)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Eigentum. In: Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Erwerb von Nichtberechtigten. In: Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Rechtskultur. In: Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Rechtsvergleichung. In: Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Restatements. In: Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts, Vol.
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.) (2008)
Private Law Beyond the State. Europeanization, Globalization, Privatization. In: Beyond the State? Rethinking Private Law, pp. 69 - 118 (Eds. Jansen, N.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Michaels, R.) (2008)
Private Law and the State. Comparative Perceptions, Historical Observations, and Basic Problems. In: Beyond the State? Rethinking Private Law, pp. 15 - 67 (Eds. Jansen, N.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Globalizing Savigny? The State in Savigny's Private International Law and the Challenge from Europeanization and Globalization. In: Aktuelle Fragen zu politischer und rechtlicher Steuerung im Kontext der Globalisierung, pp. 119 - 144 (Eds. Stolleis, M.; Streeck, W.). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden (2007)
Contribution to a Collected edition
Rühl, G.; von Hein, J.). Cambridge University Press, New York (2007)
Some Fundamental Jurisdictional Conceptions as Applied in Judgment Conventions. In: Conflict of laws in a globalized world, pp. 29 - 62 (Eds. Gottschalk, E.; Michaels, R.;
Contribution to a Collected edition
Retour aux sources? Droit et politiques des sources du droit contemporain aux Etats-Unis [Back to the Sources? Law and Politics of Sources of Contemporary American Law]. In: Les sources du droit – Aspects contemporains, pp. 97 - 112 (Ed. Société de législation comparée & Cedroma) (2007)